Tarihin Fulani Da Yaduwar Su A Sassa Afrika
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Bafulatani na asali sun zama kamar sun yadu sosai a Arewa da Saharar Afirka tun daga zamanin da. Wataƙila an ambace su a arewacin Aljeriya ko kuma abin da ake ɗaukar Mauritania Caesarea a matsayin Fulitani ko Barzu Fulitani a ƙarshen taswirar Julius Honorius na 4th (Mommsen 1867, shafi na 28 da 62). An kuma ambace su da cewa sun sauko ne bayan ƴan ƙarni kaɗan daga yankin Tichit ta Tariq es-Sudan da aka rubuta a 1600s. Don haka suna iya zama Warith/Wariz (wataƙila bambance-bambancen Barzu) wanda aka ce Balarabe Quraishi mai nasara, Uqba ibn Nafi ya kora daga yankin Adrar na Mauretaniya kuma ya musulunta.
Dangane da Banu Warith ko Waritan na zamanin da, ana siffanta su a matsayin dangin Sanhaja ko na Geddula ko Banu Joddala Berbers (waɗannan a wancan lokacin an ɗauke su a matsayin reshen Sanhaja) na marubutan Larabawa irin su Ibn Hawqal da El Bekri da sauransu. (Levtsion da Hopkins, 2000, shafi na 50, 67, 237; Palmer, 1970, shafi na 61).
A karni na 10 da na 11 fulani suna zaune a tsakanin al’ummomi da dama na wasu kungiyoyin Nilo-Sahara wadanda suka yi cudanya da yare na kungiyoyin Niger-Congo a masarautun Sudan. A hankali Fulani sun watsu zuwa gabas har zuwa Habasha inda aka fi sani da Bororo daga Mauretania zuwa Senegambia tare da tsadar kudin Afirka ta Yamma da savannai suka bazu zuwa wurare kamar Ivory Coast, Benin, Togo da Burkina Faso, amma da alama sun kasance iri ɗaya, abokan gaba suna bayyana a cikin tsoffin zanen kabarin Masarawa na lokacin Seti kuma ana kiran su Tjehenu.
Yawancin kungiyoyin da a yau suke magana da yarukan Fulbe, Fulfulde ko Pulaagu, hakika sun kasance cakude da asalin Fula ko Fulitani da wadannan kabilun Songhai da Mande daban-daban. Ana kuma danganta su da mutane da sunan wurin Futa ko Futabe. Misali mai kyau na irin wadannan kungiyoyi shine Toucouleur, wanda aka kafa kuma kila sunansa daga Takruri da Fulani wadanda suka zo sun mamaye yankin Futa Toro da Futa Jallon. A arewacin Sahel da Sahara an san ƙungiyar da ke kula da rayuwar Fulani ta farko a cikin rubutun Yamma “Wodaabe” bambancin Futa-be na farko.
Ko da yake fulani sun kasance ƴan kasuwa ne a daular Sudan ta farko ta Songhai da Ghana, a shekarun 1500 Fulanin sun kasance a Macina/Massina a yankin kogin Niger ta tsakiya a Mali. Suna da alaƙa da zuwan mamaye da mamaye daular da ake kira Sakkwato da masarautar Bornu waɗanda asalin ƙabilar Nilo-Saharan da Abzinawa suka kafa.
Asalin Fulanin ya haifar da cece-kuce mai dorewa a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata saboda kamanninsu ko dabi’arsu, bayanan Larabci dangane da asalinsu, kasancewar shanun Zebu da ake zaton ‘yan asalin Indiya ne, da wasu sabani dangane da kamanninsu da nasu, alaƙar harshe na yanzu waɗanda aka yi tunanin ba za su dace da nau’in su ba. Saboda ra’ayoyin Turawan mulkin mallaka game da asalin yan Afirka na asali da musamman asalin “kabilanci” na Arewacin Afirka, ra’ayin ya samo asali a hankali – kamar yadda ya kasance tare da Abzinawa da sauran ‘yan Afirka masu duhu da suka kasance da yawa a Arewacin Afirka – cewa tushen asalinsu ya kasance “mai ban mamaki” ko “ba a sani ba”. Amma duk da haka, a zahiri, fulani na farko sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan tsirarun mutane waɗanda aka sami ɗimbin hujjoji na asali a cikin yankin Sahara da Arewacin Afirka tun lokacin Neolithic. Shaida duka biyu ce ta ilimin kimiya da kimiya da kimiya na al’ada kuma tana nuna cewa asalin al’ummar Fulani na cikin gungun makiyaya ne a tsakiyar sahara da arewacin sahara wadanda aka bazu zuwa Kharga, Kerma da yiwuwar gabas a Afirka a baya. Da alama sun kasance cikin mutanen farko da Masarawa na dā suka san su da sunan Tjehenu ko Temehou.
Kasancewarsu a zamanin dutse a arewacin Afirka mai yiwuwa ya haifar da tuntuɓar wasu ƙungiyoyi har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun dutse wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da ake kira abubuwan da ba na Afirka ba kamar su tsayin tsayi da ƙarancin gashi fiye da sauran kabilun yammacin Afirka kuma wataƙila. Gabatar da lanƙwasa zuwa ga dogayen kunkuntar dogon hancinsu.
Dangane da yanayin yare da Fulani ke ciki a yanzu, ya kamata a ce akwai al’ummomi da dama a Afirka da a cikin shekaru 2,000 da suka wuce suka yi amfani da yarukan da ba nasu ba, wanda daga baya suka koma sababbi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda dalilai daban-daban, galibi saboda kasuwanci ko ƙaura. Misali mai kyau shi ne halin da ake ciki a Arewacin Afirka a halin yanzu inda kungiyoyi da dama na kabilu daban-daban da kuma asalin halittu a cikin shekaru 2,000 da suka wuce suka yi amfani da yarukan Larabci ko Berber kuma suna da’awar ko dai Larabci ko Berber asali ko kuma asalin ƙasa a yau.
A wani lokaci Berbers da kansu an ce sun kasance “Romanized” yayin da yanzu ya bayyana zuriyar Romawa, Vandals, Scythians, Asiya ta tsakiya da sauran mutanen da suka zauna a Arewacin Afirka (ko kuma an kawo su) sun kasance da ɗan Berberized. da kuma larabawa ta hanyar cudanya da ɗaukar wasu nau’ikan harshe da al’adu da ƙari.
Mutanen Nilo-Sahara misali ne na ’yan asalin Afirka da aka san sun yi cuɗanya da yarukan Neja-Congo na reshen Tekun Atlantika, inda suka zama Sarakhole, Serer, Soninke, Djallonke, Jahanke da sauran ƙungiyoyin da a yanzu aka sanya wa suna “Mande” ko “Mandinke. “. Don haka, gaskiyar cewa wasu ƙungiyoyi a yanzu suna magana da takamaiman yare ba koyaushe suna faɗi da yawa game da asalin al’adunsu ba.
Saboda kamanni da al’adar fulani, masu lura da mulkin mallaka na farko suna kallonsu a matsayin wani bangare na wani babban kabila na yakin “Caucasoid” kusa da bakar fata wanda suka kira “hamitic” wanda ya hade da abin da suka kira “Negro” kabilu. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne kuma ya karfafa cewa lokacin da ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka fara cin karo da Fulani a Sudan sau da yawa wasu ‘yan Afirka suna kallon su a matsayin wani yanki na daban, masu launin fata a wurare kamar yankin Massina inda har ma an kwatanta su da “fararen fata” nasu kuma a cikin rubuce-rubucen larabci (bayanin da ake amfani da shi a Afirka ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata na Afirka waɗanda ke da ɗan duhu launin ruwan kasa a cikin tint maimakon baƙar fata ko launin ruwan kasa).
Haka kuma, a wurare da dama an yi wata hamayya ta kabilanci tsakanin fulani da wasu kungiyoyi kamar yadda ake yi a tsakanin makiyaya da masu noma a Afirka. Kuma waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula (waɗanda ba su gushe ba gaba ɗaya a Afirka tun lokacin da ra’ayoyin turawa ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka tsananta musu) a yankuna daban-daban ana danganta su da “bambance-bambancen launin fata tsakanin “masu launin fata” “masu daraja” na “hamitic stock” da sauransu. -wanda ake kira “Bakar Afirka” ko “Negro” masu aikin gona.
Tabbas Afirka ta ƙunshi al’ummomi daban-daban masu launuka iri-iri da halaye tun daga launin ruwan rawaya na ‘yan San da Kung Bushmen zuwa baƙar fata na wasu ƙungiyoyin Nilotic, da kuma launin jan ƙarfe ko tagulla na wasu Fulani da Beja. Babu ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da za a iya ɗauka mafi baƙar fata ko ɗan Afirka fiye da ɗayan saboda kowannensu yana da ci gaba na musamman wanda ya haifar da fasalinsu na musamman.
Da aka ce, gaskiya ne cewa Fulani musamman Fulanin Arewa kamar Woodabe sau da yawa suna da haske a fatar jikinsu fiye da kabilun Afirka da suke zaune a ciki kuma galibi suna adana abubuwan da suka yi kama da na Nilo-Sahara da Cushitic. gabas Na karshen kuma sau da yawa suna da launin fata wanda galibi ya fi launin ruwan jan karfe mai duhu fiye da baƙar fata. Har yanzu Fulani sun kasance kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Afirka waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar zuriyar baƙar fata a cikin Amurka (har zuwa kwanan nan da ake kira “Negroes”), gaskiyar da a yanzu ke tabbatar da shi ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, amma an riga an kafa shi daga bayanan mulkin mallaka a cikin U.S da sauran wurare. Don haka, ra’ayinsu a matsayin rukunin “baƙar fata” na Afirka, kamar yadda aka saba ba da shawara ya kasance wauta don nishaɗi – kuma rashin fahimta, a faɗi kaɗan.
Fulani sun zo Amurka da yawa a lokacin cinikin bayi da ake yi a Atlantic, kuma masani Sterling Stuckey ya ce sun yi tasiri sosai kan al’adun shanu da na shanu a Amurka. Sun kasance makiyayan shanu da tumaki na dubban shekaru kuma sun kiyaye al’adu da yawa a raye. Makiyaya sukan saka sunan kowane memba na garken su kuma suna san kowa da sunan su. Ba a yanka shanu don namansu ba, amma ana amfani da nononsu da sauran abubuwa. Tun da dadewa kakannin Fulani da danginsu sun zo su mai da saniya alama ce ta gumakansu a cikin Sahara da kuma gefen kogin Nilu.
Abdul-Rahman ya kasance dalibi a Timbuktu (Tin Buqti) har ma a lokacin sanannen babban birnin ilimi a Mali. Amma ya faɗa cikin mawuyacin hali bayan ya zama shugaban yaƙi a ƙarƙashin mahaifinsa da ƙabilar abokan gaba. Bayan da maƙiyansa suka yi masa kwanton bauna tare da wasu sojojinsa a hanyarsa ta komawa wurin mahaifinsa, sai wata ƙabila ta abokan gāba ta sayar da shi fursuna na yaƙi. Kamar sauran fulani da dama – bayi ne suka kawo Abdul-Rahman Amurka. Shekarar ta kasance 1788, kuma yana da shekaru 26. Ya yi shekaru 40 na gaba a matsayin mai kula da bawa da bawa a Mississippi. Ya sami ‘yanci kuma ya ‘yantar da danginsa zuwa Laberiya inda ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu bayan ‘yan watanni.